Description
Rorippa palustris is a taxonomically and biogeographically complex species, consisting of several distinct forms, which have been variously recognized as subspecies or varieties. The typical form, Rorippa palustris spp. palustris, is thought to be largely introduced on the Atlantic coast of North America, from Europe, but to be native in the West and possibly the Midwest (Stuckey 1972). Rorippa palustris ssp. fernaldiana is native and found across North America, as is R. p. ssp. hispida (Stuckey 1972; Natural Resources Conservation Service 2000). In the past, R. palustris has been considered conspecific with R. islandica (e.g. Fernald 1950), but the latter species is now regarded as strictly European (Stuckey 1972).
Taxonomy
| Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family | Genus |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plantae | Magnoliophyta | Magnoliopsida | Capparales | Brassicaceae | Rorippa |
Synonyms
Invasion History
Chesapeake Bay Status
| First Record | Population | Range | Introduction | Residency | Source Region | Native Region | Vectors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1904 | Established | Stable | Cryptogenic | Regular Resident | Europe | Eurasia | Shipping(Dry Ballast) |
History of Spread
Rorippa palustris (Bog Yellowcress) is a taxonomically and biogeographically complex species, consisting of several distinct forms, which have been variously recognized as subspecies or varieties. The typical form, Rorippa palustris spp. palustris, is thought to be largely introduced on the Atlantic coast of North America, from Europe, but to be native in the West and possibly the Midwest. Stuckey (1972) has suggested that Eastern populations were largely eliminated by glaciation, while Western populations survived in an unglaciated refugium. Populations near seaports, reported from river banks and waste places, are supposed to have been introduced in dry ballast, but 'plants of upper and central New York and New England coming primarily from river banks and lake shores may be native populations extending eastward from the western part of the continent' (Stuckey 1972). Since early botanists did not distinguish subspecies, the date of arrival of R. p. ssp. palustris on the East Coast is unknown. Given the possible mingling of introduced and native populations, we have treated this form as cryptogenic.
Records of 'R. palustris' back to 1837 (Aikin 1837) are not identifiable to subspecies. The Chesapeake records ahave been identified asR. p. ssp. palustris or its synomyms:
Canton MD, Baltimore Harbor, 1904 (Fessenden 1956)
MD 'northern half of Delmarva Peninsula (Tatnall 1946)
Washington DC, date not given, but on dry ballast (Stuckey 1972).
Brent Marsh (Stafford County) VA, Potomac River (Strong and Kelloff 1994)
King George County VA, Potomac River,'Beach and pond margins' (Simmons et al. 1995).
History References- Aikin 1837; Fessenden 1956; Simmons et al. 1995; Strong and Kelloff 1994; Stuckey 1972
Invasion Comments
Ecology
Environmental Tolerances
| For Survival | For Reproduction | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Minimum | Maximum | Minimum | Maximum | |
| Temperature (ºC) | ||||
| Salinity (‰) | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
| Oxygen | ||||
| pH | ||||
| Salinity Range | fresh-meso |
Age and Growth
| Male | Female | |
|---|---|---|
| Minimum Adult Size (mm) | 100.0 | 100.0 |
| Typical Adult Size (mm) | 250.0 | 250.0 |
| Maximum Adult Size (mm) | 400.0 | 400.0 |
| Maximum Longevity (yrs) | ||
| Typical Longevity (yrs |
Reproduction
| Start | Peak | End | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Reproductive Season | |||
| Typical Number of Young Per Reproductive Event |
|||
| Sexuality Mode(s) | |||
| Mode(s) of Asexual Reproduction |
|||
| Fertilization Type(s) | |||
| More than One Reproduction Event per Year |
|||
| Reproductive Startegy | |||
| Egg/Seed Form |
Impacts
Economic Impacts in Chesapeake Bay
Rorippa palustris ssp. palustris (Bog Yellowcress) has not been reported to have significant economic impacts in Chesapeake Bay or elsewhere, to our knowledge.
Economic Impacts Outside of Chesapeake Bay
Rorippa palustris ssp. palustris (Bog Yellowcress) is regarded as an agricultural weed in the Northeast US and the Great Plains (Natural Resources Conservation Service 2001).
References- Natural Resources Conservation Service 2001
Ecological Impacts on Chesapeake Native Species
Rorippa palustris ssp. palustris (Bog Yellowcress) has not been reported to have impacts on native biota in Chesapeake Bay or elsewhere, to our knowledge,
Ecological Impacts on Other Chesapeake Non-Native Species
Rorippa palustris ssp. palustris (Bog Yellowcress) has not been reported to have impacts on exotic biota in Chesapeake Bay or elsewhere, to our knowledge.